What is a docroot in different web server for different OS

Solution :


The web server document root (often referred to as the docroot) is where you put all the files your website needs to function.

The path to your web server’s default docroot varies depending on the following:

• Operating system
• Web server software
• Hosting provider (if you use one)

You can use virtual hosts and server blocks to run more than one website on a single machine (e.g., company1.example.com and company2.example.com) or override the web server’s default docroot without changing it.

To find the docroot on your server:

1. Open one of the following files in a text editor:
   • Ubuntu

     /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf (Apache)
     /etc/nginx/sites-available/default (nginx)
     
   • CentOS

     /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf (Apache)
     /etc/nginx/nginx.conf (nginx)
     
2. Search the file for DocumentRoot or root.
   Typically, the default Apache docroot on Ubuntu and CentOS is /var/www/html whereas the default nginx docroot on CentOS is /usr/share/nginx/html. For example:
   • Apache + Ubuntu/CentOS

     DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
     
   • nginx + CentOS

     root      /usr/share/nginx/html
     

What is the software that the Magento server needs to run?

Solution :

The full list of software is listed in System Requirements but here are the essentials:

Apache

• Web server for providing access to web pages

MySQL

• Database management system for long-term data storage and retrieval
• PHP - PHP is an open source scripting language suited for web development because it can be embedded in HTML (the language of the web).

What's the difference between a module and a component?

Solution :

A module is a type of component. 

A component can be:

• A module (code that extends Magento behavior)
• A theme (changes the look and feel of your Magento Admin or storefront)
• Language package (used to translate text and messages in the Magento application)

How do I log in to my Magento server using a terminal, command prompt, or SSH?

Solution:

Prerequisites: You must have:

• A terminal application
  Windows and Mac OS typically use different terminal applications.
  • Windows: A partial list: putty, Cygwin
  • Mac OS: You can use the built-in Terminal application or any of the following: iTerm, or these
• A username and password for the Magento server

To use a terminal application to remotely access the Magento server:

1. Set up the terminal application according to its provided documentation.
2. Start the terminal application.
3. When prompted, enter your Magento server’s hostname or IP address.
4. Log in to the server with the username or password you were provided.

Here’s what it looks like when you’re logged in to a server as the root user with Cygwin on Windows.

command to check Operating system version for CentOS and Ubuntu

Solution :

If you already know you’re running Ubuntu or CentOS but don’t know the version.

CentOS

To find the CentOS version, enter the following command in Terminal:

cat /etc/*release*

The following sample output shows you’re running CentOS 6.5 (you can ignore most of the output):

CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
LSB_VERSION=base-4.0-amd64:base-4.0-noarch:core-4.0-amd64:core-4.0-noarch:graphics-4.0-amd64:graphics-4.0-noarch:printing-4.0-amd64:printing-4.0-noarch
cat: /etc/lsb-release.d: Is a directory
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)

Ubuntu

To find the Ubuntu version, enter the following command in Terminal:

lsb_release -a

The following sample output shows you’re running Ubuntu 14:

No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS
Release:        14.04
Codename:       trusty

How to verify is Magento software installed already

Solution :

• To determine if the Magento software is installed already, you can access the Magento Admin (administration console) or storefront using a web browser.
• Then open a web browser and go to the URL you were provided. Some examples follow:

http://www.example.com/magento2/admin
https://www.example.com/admin
http://www.example.com

• If a 404 (Not Found) error displays, Magento probably isn’t installed. You should confirm that with your system administrator or hosting provider.

• If Magento is installed, you should see something like the following after you log in:
  Magento Admin:
  
  Magento storefront:
  

  
  

Magento 2.2.x technology stack requirements

Solution:

Pre-requisite : for the magneto installation

• https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.2/install-gde/prereq/prereq-overview.html

Operating systems (Linux x86-64)

• A Linux distribution such as RedHat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, Ubuntu, Debian, and so on.

Memory requirement

• Upgrading the Magento applications and extensions you obtain from Magento Marketplaces and other sources can require up to 2GB of RAM. 
• If you are using a system with less than 2GB of RAM, we recommend you create a swap file; otherwise, your upgrade might fail.

Composer (latest stable version)

• Composer is required for developers who wish to contribute to the Magento 2 codebase or anyone who wishes to develop Magento extensions.

Web servers

• Apache 2.2 or 2.4
  In addition, you must enable the Apache mod_rewrite and mod_version modules. The mod_rewritemodule enables the server to perform URL rewriting. The mod_version module provides flexible version checking for different httpd versions. For more information, see our Apache documentation.
• nginx 1.x

Database

• MySQL 5.6, 5.7
• Magento is also compatible with MySQL NDB Cluster 7.4.*, MariaDB 10.0, 10.1, 10.2, Percona 5.7, and other binary-compatible MySQL technologies.

PHP

7.0.0–7.0.12	7.0.13–7.0.x	7.1.x

Required PHP extension

• The CentOS and Ubuntu PHP installation instructions include a step for installing these extensions.
• bc-math (Magento Commerce only for 2.2.0 - 2.2.3. Magento Commerce and Magento Open Source as of 2.2.4.)

• ctype
• curl
• dom
• gd, ImageMagick 6.3.7 (or later) or both
• intl
• mbstring
• mcrypt
• hash
• openssl
• PDO/MySQL
• SimpleXML
• soap
• spl
• libxml
• xsl
• zip
• json
• iconv

PHP OPcache

• strongly recommend to install PHP OPcache is enabled for performance reasons. 
• The OPcache is enabled in many PHP distributions. To verify if it is installed, see our PHP documentation for CentOS or Ubuntu.
• If you must install it separately, see the PHP OPcache documentation.

PHP settings

• We recommend particular PHP configuration settings, such as memory_limit, that can avoid common problems when using Magento.
• For more information, see Required PHP settings.

SSL

• A valid security certificate is required for HTTPS.
• Self-signed SSL certificates are not supported.
• Transport Layer Security (TLS) requirement - PayPal and repo.magento.com both require TLS 1.1 or later:
• More information about PayPal
• More information about repo.magento.com

Mail server

• Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) or an SMTP server

Magento can use the following technologies:

• Redis version 3.2 (compatible with 2.4+ ) for page caching and session storage
• Varnish version 4.x or 5.0
• memcached latest stable version for session storage with either memcache or memcached PHP extensions (latest stable version)

Magento can use the following technologies:

• Redis version 3.2 (compatible with 2.4+ ) for page caching and session storage
• Varnish version 4.x or 5.0
• memcached latest stable version for session storage with either memcache or memcached PHP extensions (latest stable version)

Magento Commerce only

• Elasticsearch
  Magento Commerce version 2.2.x supports the following Elasticsearch versions:
  • Elasticsearch 5.x
  • Elasticsearch 2.x
  Magento 2.2.3 uses Elasticsearch PHP client version 5.1. Before version 2.2.3, Magento used PHP client version 2.0.
• RabbitMQ 3.5.x (compatible with 2.0 and later)
  RabbitMQ can be used to publish messages to queue and to define the consumers that receive the messages asynchronously.
• Three master databases
  These master databases provide scalability advantages for different functional areas of the Magento application, such as checkout, orders, and all remaining Magento2 application tables.

Optional but recommended:

• php_xdebug2.2.0> or later (development environments only; can have an adverse effect on performance)

Basic steps for the installation of Magneto eCommerce in Unix Server

Solution : Steps for the installation of Magneto eCommerce Software

1. Server setup and Prerequisite

• Install the prerequisite software, including PHP, Apache, and MySQL. Consult the system requirements for specific information:
• https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.2/install-gde/prereq/prereq-overview.html

2. Get the Magneto Software

• https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/install-gde/prereq/zip_install.html

3. Install the Magento software using either the Web Setup Wizard or command line.

• If validation fails please use this link to fix the websetup wizard- 
• https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/install-gde/prereq/prereq-overview.html

4. Verify the installation by viewing your storefront and the Magento Admin.

High Level Magneto Installation Diagram: